F is only activated to mediate membrane fusion during entry when it is triggered by a signal from the separate receptor-binding molecule, HN–a mechanism first elucidated for HPIV3 and later extended to this entire group of human pathogenic viruses. HPIV3, like most other paramyxoviruses, uses two specialized proteins to mediate cell entry: the fusion protein (F) and the receptor-binding protein, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN). Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) cause the majority of childhood cases of croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Using an on-grid antibody capture method that facilitates examination of fresh, biologically active strains of virus directly from supernatant fluids and a series of biological tools that permit the capture of intermediate states in the fusion process, we visualize the series of events that occur when a pristine, authentic viral particle interacts with target receptors and proceeds from the viral entry steps of receptor engagement to membrane fusion. In this study, we use cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to dissect the stepwise process by which the receptor-binding protein triggers F-mediated fusion, when forming a complex with receptor-bearing membranes. The intermediate states in viral entry are transient and thermodynamically unstable, making it impossible to understand these transitions using standard methods, yet understanding these transition states is important for expanding our knowledge of the viral entry process. Subsequent fusion of the viral and host membranes allows delivery of the viral genetic material into the host cell. The HPIV3 transmembrane protein HN, like the receptor-binding proteins of other related viruses that enter host cells using membrane fusion, binds to a receptor molecule on the host cell plasma membrane, which triggers the F glycoprotein to undergo major conformational rearrangements, promoting viral entry. During viral entry, the first step of infection, the viral fusion complex, comprised of the receptor-binding glycoprotein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and the fusion glycoprotein (F), mediates fusion upon receptor binding. These viruses are pleomorphic, enveloped viruses with genomes composed of single-stranded negative-sense RNA. HPIV3 is a member of the Respirovirus species of the Paramyxoviridae family. FreeFileSync can create sync jobs via GUI to synchronize automatically (can be scheduled or executed directly).Infection by human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) causes widespread lower respiratory diseases, including croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, and there are no vaccines or effective treatments for these viruses.Include/exclude specific files from synchronization manually.Filter functionality to include/exclude files from synchronization (without re-compare!).Based on wxWidgets framework => Portable to many operating systems.Delete before copy: Avoid disc space shortages with large sync-operation.Automatically ignore directories "RECYCLER" and "System Volume Information" when comparing and syncing.Option to move files to Recycle Bin instead of deleting/overwriting them.Easily configurable Command Line mode for automated synchronization.There are also progress indicators, status information, and error reporting options. And when the need arises, you can delete any unnecessary/temporary files directly on the primary grid or right-click the context menu. FreeFileSync supports double-click to show files in explorer, copy & paste support to export file lists, and sort files by name, size, or date.įreeFileSync also allows you to display statistical data like total filesizes and the number of bytes transferred with your current settings. You can fully maintain and load different configurations by drag n' drop, load-button, or via the command line. You have the option to select folders via drag & drop or by the last configuration, and your screen settings are saved automatically. It is focused on usability only the necessary functionality is provided, no need to contend with overloaded menus or icon jungles. You can quickly compare files (bytewise or by date) and synchronize them without limitations, so an arbitrary number of files, subfolders, including empty folders, can be synchronized.įreeFileSync features an easy-to-use UI geared for speed and massive sets of data. It is optimized to allow the highest performance and usability without restricted or overloaded UI interfaces. FreeFileSync is a file/folder comparison and synchronization tool.
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